Judge Robin Kandell Paulino

FY 2019 - 2024, San Francisco Immigration Court

Published Nov 7, 2024

Attorney General Loretta E. Lynch appointed Robin Kandell Paulino to begin hearing cases in September 2016. Judge Paulino earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1991 from the University of Arizona and a Juris Doctor in 1995 from the University of San Diego School of Law. From 2007 to September 2016, she served as a senior attorney and assistant general counsel for Legal & Corporate Affairs, Microsoft Corporation. From 1998 through 2007, she served as a senior associate and managing attorney for Fragomen, Del Rey, Bernsen & Loewy, in Santa Clara, Calif. From 1996 through 1998, she served as an associate attorney for Korenberg, Abramowitz & Feldun, in Calif. Previously, she served as an associate attorney for Swanson & Swanson, in Los Angeles. Judge Paulino is a member of the State Bar of California.

Deciding Asylum Cases

Detailed data on decisions by Judge Paulino were examined for the period covering fiscal years 2019 through 2024. During this period, court records show that Judge Paulino decided 568 asylum claims on their merits. Of these, she granted asylum for 395, granted 16 other types of relief, and denied relief to 157. Converted to percentage terms, Paulino denied 27.6 percent and granted 72.3 percent of asylum cases (including forms of relief other than asylum).

Figure 1 provides a comparison of Judge Paulino's denial rate each fiscal year over this recent period. (Rates for years with less than 25 decisions are not shown.)

Nationwide Comparisons

Compared to Judge Paulino's denial rate of 27.6 percent, Immigration Court judges across the country denied 57.7 percent of asylum claims during this same period. Judges at the San Francisco Immigration Court where Judge Paulino decided these cases denied asylum 28.3 percent of the time. See Figure 2.

Judge Paulino's asylum grant and denial rates are compared with other judges serving on the same court in this table. Note that when an Immigration Judge serves on more than one court during the same period, separate Immigration Judge reports are created for any Court in which the judge rendered at least 100 asylum decisions.

Why Do Denial Rates Vary Among Judges?

Although denial rates are shaped by each Judge's judicial philosophy, denial rates are also shaped by other factors, such as the types of cases on the Judge's docket, the detained status of immigrant respondents, current immigration policies, and other factors beyond an individual Judge's control. For example, TRAC has previously found that legal representation and the nationality of the asylum seeker are just two factors that appear to impact asylum decision outcomes.

The composition of cases may differ significantly between Immigration Courts in the country. Within a single Court when cases are randomly assigned to judges sitting on that Court, each Judge should have roughly a similar composition of cases given a sufficient number of asylum cases. Then variations in asylum decisions among Judges on the same Immigration Court would appear to reflect, at least in part, the judicial philosophy that the Judge brings to the bench. However, if judges within a Court are assigned to specialized dockets or hearing locations, then case compositions are likely to continue to differ and can contribute to differences in asylum denial rates.

Representation

When asylum seekers are not represented by an attorney, almost all of them (77%) are denied asylum. In contrast, a significantly higher proportion of represented asylum seekers are successful. In the case of Judge Paulino, 10.2% were not represented by an attorney. See Figure 3. For the nation as a whole, about 16.4% of asylum seekers are not represented.

Nationality

Asylum seekers are a diverse group. Over one hundred different nationalities had at least one hundred individuals claiming asylum decided during this period. As might be expected, immigration courts located in different parts of the country tend to have proportionately larger shares from some countries than from others. And, given the required legal grounds for a successful asylum claim, asylum seekers from some nations tend to be more successful than others.

The largest group of asylum seekers appearing before Judge Paulino came from India. Individuals from this country made up 26.1% of her caseload. Other nationalities in descending order of frequency appearing before Judge Paulino were: Mexico (22.2%), El Salvador (15.3%), Guatemala (10.2%), Honduras (5.6%). See Figure 4.

In the nation as a whole during this same period, major nationalities of asylum seekers, in descending order of frequency, were El Salvador (14.0%), Guatemala (13.2%), Honduras (12.4%), Mexico (8.2%), China (6.1%), India (5.4%), Venezuela (4.0%), Ecuador (3.7%), Nicaragua (3.5%), Colombia (2.9%), Cuba (2.6%), Brazil (2.6%), Russia (2.4%).