Judge Madeline Garcia

FY 2019 - 2024, Miami Immigration Court

Published Nov 7, 2024

Judge Garcia received a bachelor of arts degree in 1988 from the InterAmerican University of Puerto Rico and her juris doctorate in 1992 from the Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico, School of Law. From 1996 to May 2011, she was in private practice dedicated exclusively to immigration law, most recently as a sole practitioner at the Law Office of Madeline Garcia, P.A. From 2000 to 2002, she served as an adjunct professor of law at the University of Puerto Rico, School of Law, heading the Legal Aid Clinic on asylum. From 1992 to 1996, Judge Garcia was an associate at Indiano & Williams, a federal civil litigation firm in Puerto Rico. Judge Garcia is a member of the Puerto Rico Bar.

Deciding Asylum Cases

Detailed data on decisions by Judge Garcia were examined for the period covering fiscal years 2019 through 2024. During this period, court records show that Judge Garcia decided 925 asylum claims on their merits. Of these, she granted asylum for 86, granted 8 other types of relief, and denied relief to 831. Converted to percentage terms, Garcia denied 89.8 percent and granted 10.2 percent of asylum cases (including forms of relief other than asylum).

Figure 1 provides a comparison of Judge Garcia's denial rate each fiscal year over this recent period. (Rates for years with less than 25 decisions are not shown.)

Nationwide Comparisons

Compared to Judge Garcia's denial rate of 89.8 percent, Immigration Court judges across the country denied 57.7 percent of asylum claims during this same period. Judges at the Miami Immigration Court where Judge Garcia decided these cases denied asylum 83.4 percent of the time. See Figure 2.

Judge Garcia's asylum grant and denial rates are compared with other judges serving on the same court in this table. Note that when an Immigration Judge serves on more than one court during the same period, separate Immigration Judge reports are created for any Court in which the judge rendered at least 100 asylum decisions.

Why Do Denial Rates Vary Among Judges?

Although denial rates are shaped by each Judge's judicial philosophy, denial rates are also shaped by other factors, such as the types of cases on the Judge's docket, the detained status of immigrant respondents, current immigration policies, and other factors beyond an individual Judge's control. For example, TRAC has previously found that legal representation and the nationality of the asylum seeker are just two factors that appear to impact asylum decision outcomes.

The composition of cases may differ significantly between Immigration Courts in the country. Within a single Court when cases are randomly assigned to judges sitting on that Court, each Judge should have roughly a similar composition of cases given a sufficient number of asylum cases. Then variations in asylum decisions among Judges on the same Immigration Court would appear to reflect, at least in part, the judicial philosophy that the Judge brings to the bench. However, if judges within a Court are assigned to specialized dockets or hearing locations, then case compositions are likely to continue to differ and can contribute to differences in asylum denial rates.

Representation

When asylum seekers are not represented by an attorney, almost all of them (77%) are denied asylum. In contrast, a significantly higher proportion of represented asylum seekers are successful. In the case of Judge Garcia, 9.5% were not represented by an attorney. See Figure 3. For the nation as a whole, about 16.4% of asylum seekers are not represented.

Nationality

Asylum seekers are a diverse group. Over one hundred different nationalities had at least one hundred individuals claiming asylum decided during this period. As might be expected, immigration courts located in different parts of the country tend to have proportionately larger shares from some countries than from others. And, given the required legal grounds for a successful asylum claim, asylum seekers from some nations tend to be more successful than others.

The largest group of asylum seekers appearing before Judge Garcia came from Guatemala. Individuals from this country made up 42.8% of her caseload. Other nationalities in descending order of frequency appearing before Judge Garcia were: Honduras (30.3%), El Salvador (11.4%), Nicaragua (4.3%), Venezuela (3.4%). See Figure 4.

In the nation as a whole during this same period, major nationalities of asylum seekers, in descending order of frequency, were El Salvador (14.0%), Guatemala (13.2%), Honduras (12.4%), Mexico (8.2%), China (6.1%), India (5.4%), Venezuela (4.0%), Ecuador (3.7%), Nicaragua (3.5%), Colombia (2.9%), Cuba (2.6%), Brazil (2.6%), Russia (2.4%).