Judge John S. Rubenstein

FY 2018 - 2023, Hyattsville Immigration Court

Published Oct 19, 2023

John S. Rubenstein was appointed as an Immigration Judge to begin hearing cases in March 2022. Judge Rubenstein earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1999 from the University of Pennsylvania, a Juris Doctor in 2005 from the Georgetown University Law Center, and a Master of Arts in 2012 from California State University, Los Angeles. From 2019 to 2022, he served as an Assistant Chief Counsel, Office of the Principal Legal Advisor, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Department of Homeland Security (DHS), in Harlingen, Texas. From 2015 to 2019, he served in various capacities with U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, DHS, including, Asylum Officer, Senior Immigration Services Officer (ISO), and Supervisory ISO. From 2009 to 2015, he was in private practice in Costa Mesa and Los Angeles, California. In 2008, he was an Associate Attorney with Greenberg Traurig LLP in Irvine, California. In 2007, he was an Associate Attorney with Bingham McCutchen LLP in Costa Mesa, California. From 2005 to 2007, he was an Associate Attorney with Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson LLP in the District of Columbia. Judge Rubenstein is a member of the State Bar of California and the District of Columbia Bar.

Deciding Asylum Cases

Detailed data on decisions by Judge Rubenstein were examined for the period covering fiscal years 2018 through 2023. During this period, court records show that Judge Rubenstein decided 226 asylum claims on their merits. Of these, he granted asylum for 174, granted 2 other types of relief, and denied relief to 50. Converted to percentage terms, Rubenstein denied 22.1 percent and granted 77.9 percent of asylum cases (including forms of relief other than asylum).

Figure 1 provides a comparison of Judge Rubenstein's denial rate each fiscal year over this recent period. (Rates for years with less than 25 decisions are not shown.)

Nationwide Comparisons

Compared to Judge Rubenstein's denial rate of 22.1 percent, Immigration Court judges across the country denied 60.6 percent of asylum claims during this same period. Judges at the Hyattsville Immigration Court where Judge Rubenstein decided these cases denied asylum 28.7 percent of the time. See Figure 2.

Judge Rubenstein's asylum grant and denial rates are compared with other judges serving on the same court in this table. Note that when an Immigration Judge serves on more than one court during the same period, separate Immigration Judge reports are created for any Court in which the judge rendered at least 100 asylum decisions.

Why Do Denial Rates Vary Among Judges?

Although denial rates are shaped by each Judge's judicial philosophy, denial rates are also shaped by other factors, such as the types of cases on the Judge's docket, the detained status of immigrant respondents, current immigration policies, and other factors beyond an individual Judge's control. For example, TRAC has previously found that legal representation and the nationality of the asylum seeker are just two factors that appear to impact asylum decision outcomes.

The composition of cases may differ significantly between Immigration Courts in the country. Within a single Court when cases are randomly assigned to judges sitting on that Court, each Judge should have roughly a similar composition of cases given a sufficient number of asylum cases. Then variations in asylum decisions among Judges on the same Immigration Court would appear to reflect, at least in part, the judicial philosophy that the Judge brings to the bench. However, if judges within a Court are assigned to specialized dockets or hearing locations, then case compositions are likely to continue to differ and can contribute to differences in asylum denial rates.

Representation

When asylum seekers are not represented by an attorney, almost all of them (80%) are denied asylum. In contrast, a significantly higher proportion of represented asylum seekers are successful. In the case of Judge Rubenstein, 4% were not represented by an attorney. See Figure 3. For the nation as a whole, about 15.7% of asylum seekers are not represented.

Nationality

Asylum seekers are a diverse group. Over one hundred different nationalities had at least one hundred individuals claiming asylum decided during this period. As might be expected, immigration courts located in different parts of the country tend to have proportionately larger shares from some countries than from others. And, given the required legal grounds for a successful asylum claim, asylum seekers from some nations tend to be more successful than others.

The largest group of asylum seekers appearing before Judge Rubenstein came from El Salvador. Individuals from this country made up 50.0% of his caseload. Other nationalities in descending order of frequency appearing before Judge Rubenstein were: Cameroon (13.3%), Honduras (10.2%), Guatemala (8.4%), Ethiopia (6.2%). See Figure 4.

In the nation as a whole during this same period, major nationalities of asylum seekers, in descending order of frequency, were El Salvador (16.6%), Guatemala (15.1%), Honduras (13.8%), Mexico (9.2%), China (6.8%), India (5.1%), Venezuela (3.2%), Ecuador (3.1%), Cuba (2.4%), Nicaragua (2.3%), Brazil (2.0%), Colombia (1.4%), Cameroon (1.4%).