Judge Rachel A. Ruane

FY 2018 - 2023, Los Angeles Immigration Court

Published Oct 19, 2023

Attorney General Eric Holder appointed Judge Ruane in December 2010. Judge Ruane received a bachelor of arts degree in 1997 from Wesleyan University and a juris doctorate in 2001 from Emory University School of Law. From 2003 to December 2010, she served the Department of Homeland Security, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Office of the Chief Counsel in Los Angeles, Calif., in various roles: from 2008 to December 2010, as deputy chief counsel, from 2007 to 2008, as a senior attorney, and from 2003 to 2007, as assistant chief counsel. From 2002 to 2003, Judge Ruane was an attorney advisor for the Department of Justice, Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR) in Los Angeles, Calif. From 2001 to 2002, she worked as a judicial law clerk for EOIR in Boston. Judge Ruane is a member of the State Bar of Massachusetts.

Deciding Asylum Cases

Detailed data on decisions by Judge Ruane were examined for the period covering fiscal years 2018 through 2023. During this period, court records show that Judge Ruane decided 409 asylum claims on their merits. Of these, she granted asylum for 59, granted 52 other types of relief, and denied relief to 298. Converted to percentage terms, Ruane denied 72.9 percent and granted 27.1 percent of asylum cases (including forms of relief other than asylum).

Figure 1 provides a comparison of Judge Ruane's denial rate each fiscal year over this recent period. (Rates for years with less than 25 decisions are not shown.)

Nationwide Comparisons

Compared to Judge Ruane's denial rate of 72.9 percent, Immigration Court judges across the country denied 60.6 percent of asylum claims during this same period. Judges at the Los Angeles Immigration Court where Judge Ruane decided these cases denied asylum 66.8 percent of the time. See Figure 2.

Judge Ruane's asylum grant and denial rates are compared with other judges serving on the same court in this table. Note that when an Immigration Judge serves on more than one court during the same period, separate Immigration Judge reports are created for any Court in which the judge rendered at least 100 asylum decisions.

Why Do Denial Rates Vary Among Judges?

Although denial rates are shaped by each Judge's judicial philosophy, denial rates are also shaped by other factors, such as the types of cases on the Judge's docket, the detained status of immigrant respondents, current immigration policies, and other factors beyond an individual Judge's control. For example, TRAC has previously found that legal representation and the nationality of the asylum seeker are just two factors that appear to impact asylum decision outcomes.

The composition of cases may differ significantly between Immigration Courts in the country. Within a single Court when cases are randomly assigned to judges sitting on that Court, each Judge should have roughly a similar composition of cases given a sufficient number of asylum cases. Then variations in asylum decisions among Judges on the same Immigration Court would appear to reflect, at least in part, the judicial philosophy that the Judge brings to the bench. However, if judges within a Court are assigned to specialized dockets or hearing locations, then case compositions are likely to continue to differ and can contribute to differences in asylum denial rates.

Representation

When asylum seekers are not represented by an attorney, almost all of them (80%) are denied asylum. In contrast, a significantly higher proportion of represented asylum seekers are successful. In the case of Judge Ruane, 35.5% were not represented by an attorney. See Figure 3. For the nation as a whole, about 15.7% of asylum seekers are not represented.

Nationality

Asylum seekers are a diverse group. Over one hundred different nationalities had at least one hundred individuals claiming asylum decided during this period. As might be expected, immigration courts located in different parts of the country tend to have proportionately larger shares from some countries than from others. And, given the required legal grounds for a successful asylum claim, asylum seekers from some nations tend to be more successful than others.

The largest group of asylum seekers appearing before Judge Ruane came from Mexico. Individuals from this country made up 29.3% of her caseload. Other nationalities in descending order of frequency appearing before Judge Ruane were: El Salvador (17.8%), China (15.9%), Guatemala (14.4%), Honduras (4.6%). See Figure 4.

In the nation as a whole during this same period, major nationalities of asylum seekers, in descending order of frequency, were El Salvador (16.6%), Guatemala (15.1%), Honduras (13.8%), Mexico (9.2%), China (6.8%), India (5.1%), Venezuela (3.2%), Ecuador (3.1%), Cuba (2.4%), Nicaragua (2.3%), Brazil (2.0%), Colombia (1.4%), Cameroon (1.4%).