Judge Alan A. Vomacka

FY 2018 - 2023, New York Immigration Court

Published Oct 19, 2023

Judge Vomacka was appointed as an Immigration Judge in July 1987. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Yale University in 1970, and a Juris Doctorate from the University of Houston in 1977. From 1987 to 1993, Judge Vomacka worked as an Immigration Judge in Harlingen, Texas, then in January 1993, was transferred to New York. From 1977 to 1987, he was in private practice in Houston, Texas, focusing primarily on immigration law. Judge Vomacka is a member of the Texas Bar.

Deciding Asylum Cases

Detailed data on decisions by Judge Vomacka were examined for the period covering fiscal years 2018 through 2023. During this period, court records show that Judge Vomacka decided 146 asylum claims on their merits. Of these, he granted asylum for 38, granted 1 other types of relief, and denied relief to 107. Converted to percentage terms, Vomacka denied 73.3 percent and granted 26.7 percent of asylum cases (including forms of relief other than asylum).

Figure 1 provides a comparison of Judge Vomacka's denial rate each fiscal year over this recent period. (Rates for years with less than 25 decisions are not shown.)

Nationwide Comparisons

Compared to Judge Vomacka's denial rate of 73.3 percent, Immigration Court judges across the country denied 60.6 percent of asylum claims during this same period. Judges at the New York Immigration Court where Judge Vomacka decided these cases denied asylum 34.4 percent of the time. See Figure 2.

Judge Vomacka's asylum grant and denial rates are compared with other judges serving on the same court in this table. Note that when an Immigration Judge serves on more than one court during the same period, separate Immigration Judge reports are created for any Court in which the judge rendered at least 100 asylum decisions.

Why Do Denial Rates Vary Among Judges?

Although denial rates are shaped by each Judge's judicial philosophy, denial rates are also shaped by other factors, such as the types of cases on the Judge's docket, the detained status of immigrant respondents, current immigration policies, and other factors beyond an individual Judge's control. For example, TRAC has previously found that legal representation and the nationality of the asylum seeker are just two factors that appear to impact asylum decision outcomes.

The composition of cases may differ significantly between Immigration Courts in the country. Within a single Court when cases are randomly assigned to judges sitting on that Court, each Judge should have roughly a similar composition of cases given a sufficient number of asylum cases. Then variations in asylum decisions among Judges on the same Immigration Court would appear to reflect, at least in part, the judicial philosophy that the Judge brings to the bench. However, if judges within a Court are assigned to specialized dockets or hearing locations, then case compositions are likely to continue to differ and can contribute to differences in asylum denial rates.

Representation

When asylum seekers are not represented by an attorney, almost all of them (80%) are denied asylum. In contrast, a significantly higher proportion of represented asylum seekers are successful. In the case of Judge Vomacka, 11% were not represented by an attorney. See Figure 3. For the nation as a whole, about 15.7% of asylum seekers are not represented.

Nationality

Asylum seekers are a diverse group. Over one hundred different nationalities had at least one hundred individuals claiming asylum decided during this period. As might be expected, immigration courts located in different parts of the country tend to have proportionately larger shares from some countries than from others. And, given the required legal grounds for a successful asylum claim, asylum seekers from some nations tend to be more successful than others.

The largest group of asylum seekers appearing before Judge Vomacka came from China. Individuals from this country made up 28.1% of his caseload. Other nationalities in descending order of frequency appearing before Judge Vomacka were: El Salvador (15.1%), Ecuador (8.9%), India (8.9%), Bangladesh (6.2%). See Figure 4.

In the nation as a whole during this same period, major nationalities of asylum seekers, in descending order of frequency, were El Salvador (16.6%), Guatemala (15.1%), Honduras (13.8%), Mexico (9.2%), China (6.8%), India (5.1%), Venezuela (3.2%), Ecuador (3.1%), Cuba (2.4%), Nicaragua (2.3%), Brazil (2.0%), Colombia (1.4%), Cameroon (1.4%).