Judge Saul Greenstein

FY 2017 - 2022, Houston Immigration Court

Published Oct 26, 2022

Attorney General Eric Holder appointed Judge Greenstein in October 2010. Judge Greenstein received a bachelor of arts degree in 1994 from Brooklyn College and a juris doctorate in 1997 from Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law. From 2004 to October 2010, he worked as a trial attorney, Department of Justice (DOJ), Office of Immigration Litigation, Washington, D.C. From 1999 to 2004, Judge Greenstein was an assistant chief counsel, Department of Homeland Security, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Newark, N.J. From 1997 to 1999, he served in the Attorney General's Honors Program, DOJ, Executive Office for Immigration Review, both in the Newark Immigration Court as a judicial law clerk and in the New York Immigration Court as an attorney advisor. Judge Greenstein is a member of the New Jersey and New York State Bars.

Deciding Asylum Cases

Detailed data on decisions by Judge Greenstein were examined for the period covering fiscal years 2017 through 2022. During this period, court records show that Judge Greenstein decided 658 asylum claims on their merits. Of these, he granted asylum for 81, granted 9 other types of relief, and denied relief to 568. Converted to percentage terms, Greenstein denied 86.3 percent and granted 13.7 percent of asylum cases (including forms of relief other than asylum).

Figure 1 provides a comparison of Judge Greenstein's denial rate each fiscal year over this recent period. (Rates for years with less than 25 decisions are not shown.)

Nationwide Comparisons

Compared to Judge Greenstein's denial rate of 86.3 percent, Immigration Court judges across the country denied 63.8 percent of asylum claims during this same period. Judges at the Houston Immigration Court where Judge Greenstein decided these cases denied asylum 90.9 percent of the time. See Figure 2.

Judge Greenstein's asylum grant and denial rates are compared with other judges serving on the same court in this table. Note that when an Immigration Judge serves on more than one court during the same period, separate Immigration Judge reports are created for any Court in which the judge rendered at least 100 asylum decisions.

Why Do Denial Rates Vary Among Judges?

Although denial rates are shaped by each Judge's judicial philosophy, denial rates are also shaped by other factors, such as the types of cases on the Judge's docket, the detained status of immigrant respondents, current immigration policies, and other factors beyond an individual Judge's control. For example, TRAC has previously found that legal representation and the nationality of the asylum seeker are just two factors that appear to impact asylum decision outcomes.

The composition of cases may differ significantly between Immigration Courts in the country. Within a single Court when cases are randomly assigned to judges sitting on that Court, each Judge should have roughly a similar composition of cases given a sufficient number of asylum cases. Then variations in asylum decisions among Judges on the same Immigration Court would appear to reflect, at least in part, the judicial philosophy that the Judge brings to the bench. However, if judges within a Court are assigned to specialized dockets or hearing locations, then case compositions are likely to continue to differ and can contribute to differences in asylum denial rates.

Representation

When asylum seekers are not represented by an attorney, almost all of them (83%) are denied asylum. In contrast, a significantly higher proportion of represented asylum seekers are successful. In the case of Judge Greenstein, 12.8% were not represented by an attorney. See Figure 3. For the nation as a whole, about 16.7% of asylum seekers are not represented.

Nationality

Asylum seekers are a diverse group. Over one hundred different nationalities had at least one hundred individuals claiming asylum decided during this period. As might be expected, immigration courts located in different parts of the country tend to have proportionately larger shares from some countries than from others. And, given the required legal grounds for a successful asylum claim, asylum seekers from some nations tend to be more successful than others.

The largest group of asylum seekers appearing before Judge Greenstein came from Honduras. Individuals from this country made up 42.6% of his caseload. Other nationalities in descending order of frequency appearing before Judge Greenstein were: El Salvador (19.8%), Guatemala (14.9%), Mexico (8.5%), Venezuela (4.7%). See Figure 4.

In the nation as a whole during this same period, major nationalities of asylum seekers, in descending order of frequency, were El Salvador (18.2%), Guatemala (16.0%), Honduras (14.6%), Mexico (10.5%), China (7.5%), India (4.5%), Cuba (2.5%), Venezuela (2.1%), Ecuador (2.1%), Nicaragua (1.9%), Haiti (1.7%), Cameroon (1.5%), Nepal (1.2%).