Putting TRAC to Work
  Legal and Scholarly
American Behavorial Scientist
December 21, 2023

Well-Being, Changes toAcademic Behavior, and Resilience Among Families Experiencing Parental Immigration Imprisonment
By Caitlin Patler, University of California, Berkeley and Gabriela Gonzalez, José State University


Each year, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) imprisons hundreds of thousands of immigrants during the adjudication of their deportation proceedings. Although immigration law is civil law, detained immigrants can be held indefinitely and with no systematic mechanism for release such as bail, a process legal experts have described as “imprisonment without trial” (Arulanantham, 2022). In 2019, the average daily population imprisoned by ICE reached a record high of 55,000 (Patler et al., 2023; Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse, 2023)....[Citing TRAC data and reports].


Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse, Syracuse University
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