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This study uses two sets of data: one statistical and the other qualitative. Statistical information comes from federal prosecution data retrieved from Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse (herein TRAC), a data gathering, data research, and data distribution organization at Syracuse University for 1986–2018. TRAC gathers, organizes, and makes available federal data on the operations of the government for public access and review. TRAC systematically collects and verifies government agency data using the Freedom of Information Act(FOIA). Records regarding convictions in public corruption cases (n¼18,263) were also reviewed, covering 32 years (1986–2018). These data were examined to identify judicial districts where corruption cases persist over time and where such cases are rare.
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