CITE

    8 USC Sec. 1227                                             01/05/2009

EXPCITE

    TITLE 8 - ALIENS AND NATIONALITY
    CHAPTER 12 - IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY
    SUBCHAPTER II - IMMIGRATION
    Part IV - Inspection, Apprehension, Examination, Exclusion, and
               Removal

HEAD

    Sec. 1227. Deportable aliens

STATUTE

    (a) Classes of deportable aliens
      Any alien (including an alien crewman) in and admitted to the
    United States shall, upon the order of the Attorney General, be
    removed if the alien is within one or more of the following classes
    of deportable aliens:
      (1) Inadmissible at time of entry or of adjustment of status or
        violates status
        (A) Inadmissible aliens
          Any alien who at the time of entry or adjustment of status
        was within one or more of the classes of aliens inadmissible by
        the law existing at such time is deportable.
        (B) Present in violation of law
          Any alien who is present in the United States in violation of
        this chapter or any other law of the United States, or whose
        nonimmigrant visa (or other documentation authorizing admission
        into the United States as a nonimmigrant) has been revoked
        under section 1201(i) of this title, is deportable.
        (C) Violated nonimmigrant status or condition of entry
          (i) Nonimmigrant status violators
            Any alien who was admitted as a nonimmigrant and who has
          failed to maintain the nonimmigrant status in which the alien
          was admitted or to which it was changed under section 1258 of
          this title, or to comply with the conditions of any such
          status, is deportable.
          (ii) Violators of conditions of entry
            Any alien whom the Secretary of Health and Human Services
          certifies has failed to comply with terms, conditions, and
          controls that were imposed under section 1182(g) of this
          title is deportable.
        (D) Termination of conditional permanent residence
          (i) In general
            Any alien with permanent resident status on a conditional
          basis under section 1186a of this title (relating to
          conditional permanent resident status for certain alien
          spouses and sons and daughters) or under section 1186b of
          this title (relating to conditional permanent resident status
          for certain alien entrepreneurs, spouses, and children) who
          has had such status terminated under such respective section
          is deportable.
          (ii) Exception
            Clause (i) shall not apply in the cases described in
          section 1186a(c)(4) of this title (relating to certain
          hardship waivers).
        (E) Smuggling
          (i) In general
            Any alien who (prior to the date of entry, at the time of
          any entry, or within 5 years of the date of any entry)
          knowingly has encouraged, induced, assisted, abetted, or
          aided any other alien to enter or to try to enter the United
          States in violation of law is deportable.
          (ii) Special rule in the case of family reunification
            Clause (i) shall not apply in the case of alien who is an
          eligible immigrant (as defined in section 301(b)(1) of the
          Immigration Act of 1990), was physically present in the
          United States on May 5, 1988, and is seeking admission as an
          immediate relative or under section 1153(a)(2) of this title
          (including under section 112 of the Immigration Act of 1990)
          or benefits under section 301(a) of the Immigration Act of
          1990 if the alien, before May 5, 1988, has encouraged,
          induced, assisted, abetted, or aided only the alien's spouse,
          parent, son, or daughter (and no other individual) to enter
          the United States in violation of law.
          (iii) Waiver authorized
            The Attorney General may, in his discretion for
          humanitarian purposes, to assure family unity, or when it is
          otherwise in the public interest, waive application of clause
          (i) in the case of any alien lawfully admitted for permanent
          residence if the alien has encouraged, induced, assisted,
          abetted, or aided only an individual who at the time of the
          offense was the alien's spouse, parent, son, or daughter (and
          no other individual) to enter the United States in violation
          of law.
        (F) Repealed. Pub. L. 104-208, div. C, title VI, Sec.
          671(d)(1)(C), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009-723
        (G) Marriage fraud
          An alien shall be considered to be deportable as having
        procured a visa or other documentation by fraud (within the
        meaning of section 1182(a)(6)(C)(i) of this title) and to be in
        the United States in violation of this chapter (within the
        meaning of subparagraph (B)) if -
            (i) the alien obtains any admission into the United States
          with an immigrant visa or other documentation procured on the
          basis of a marriage entered into less than 2 years prior to
          such admission of the alien and which, within 2 years
          subsequent to any admission of the alien in the United
          States, shall be judicially annulled or terminated, unless
          the alien establishes to the satisfaction of the Attorney
          General that such marriage was not contracted for the purpose
          of evading any provisions of the immigration laws, or
            (ii) it appears to the satisfaction of the Attorney General
          that the alien has failed or refused to fulfill the alien's
          marital agreement which in the opinion of the Attorney
          General was made for the purpose of procuring the alien's
          admission as an immigrant.
        (H) Waiver authorized for certain misrepresentations
          The provisions of this paragraph relating to the removal of
        aliens within the United States on the ground that they were
        inadmissible at the time of admission as aliens described in
        section 1182(a)(6)(C)(i) of this title, whether willful or
        innocent, may, in the discretion of the Attorney General, be
        waived for any alien (other than an alien described in
        paragraph (4)(D)) who -
            (i)(I) is the spouse, parent, son, or daughter of a citizen
          of the United States or of an alien lawfully admitted to the
          United States for permanent residence; and
            (II) was in possession of an immigrant visa or equivalent
          document and was otherwise admissible to the United States at
          the time of such admission except for those grounds of
          inadmissibility specified under paragraphs (5)(A) and (7)(A)
          of section 1182(a) of this title which were a direct result
          of that fraud or misrepresentation.
            (ii) is a VAWA self-petitioner.
        A waiver of removal for fraud or misrepresentation granted
        under this subparagraph shall also operate to waive removal
        based on the grounds of inadmissibility directly resulting from
        such fraud or misrepresentation.
      (2) Criminal offenses
        (A) General crimes
          (i) Crimes of moral turpitude
            Any alien who -
              (I) is convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude
            committed within five years (or 10 years in the case of an
            alien provided lawful permanent resident status under
            section 1255(j) of this title) after the date of admission,
            and
              (II) is convicted of a crime for which a sentence of one
            year or longer may be imposed,
          is deportable.
          (ii) Multiple criminal convictions
            Any alien who at any time after admission is convicted of
          two or more crimes involving moral turpitude, not arising out
          of a single scheme of criminal misconduct, regardless of
          whether confined therefor and regardless of whether the
          convictions were in a single trial, is deportable.
          (iii) Aggravated felony
            Any alien who is convicted of an aggravated felony at any
          time after admission is deportable.
          (iv) High speed flight
            Any alien who is convicted of a violation of section 758 of
          title 18 (relating to high speed flight from an immigration
          checkpoint) is deportable.
          (v) Failure to register as a sex offender
            Any alien who is convicted under section 2250 of title 18
          is deportable.
          (vi) Waiver authorized
            Clauses (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) shall not apply in the
          case of an alien with respect to a criminal conviction if the
          alien subsequent to the criminal conviction has been granted
          a full and unconditional pardon by the President of the
          United States or by the Governor of any of the several
          States.
        (B) Controlled substances
          (i) Conviction
            Any alien who at any time after admission has been
          convicted of a violation of (or a conspiracy or attempt to
          violate) any law or regulation of a State, the United States,
          or a foreign country relating to a controlled substance (as
          defined in section 802 of title 21), other than a single
          offense involving possession for one's own use of 30 grams or
          less of marijuana, is deportable.
          (ii) Drug abusers and addicts
            Any alien who is, or at any time after admission has been,
          a drug abuser or addict is deportable.
        (C) Certain firearm offenses
          Any alien who at any time after admission is convicted under
        any law of purchasing, selling, offering for sale, exchanging,
        using, owning, possessing, or carrying, or of attempting or
        conspiring to purchase, sell, offer for sale, exchange, use,
        own, possess, or carry, any weapon, part, or accessory which is
        a firearm or destructive device (as defined in section 921(a)
        of title 18) in violation of any law is deportable.
        (D) Miscellaneous crimes
          Any alien who at any time has been convicted (the judgment on
        such conviction becoming final) of, or has been so convicted of
        a conspiracy or attempt to violate -
            (i) any offense under chapter 37 (relating to espionage),
          chapter 105 (relating to sabotage), or chapter 115 (relating
          to treason and sedition) of title 18 for which a term of
          imprisonment of five or more years may be imposed;
            (ii) any offense under section 871 or 960 of title 18;
            (iii) a violation of any provision of the Military
          Selective Service Act (50 U.S.C. App. 451 et seq.) or the
          Trading With the Enemy Act (50 U.S.C. App. 1 et seq.); or
            (iv) a violation of section 1185 or 1328 of this title,
        is deportable.
        (E) Crimes of domestic violence, stalking, or violation of
          protection order, crimes against children and
          (i) Domestic violence, stalking, and child abuse
            Any alien who at any time after admission is convicted of a
          crime of domestic violence, a crime of stalking, or a crime
          of child abuse, child neglect, or child abandonment is
          deportable. For purposes of this clause, the term "crime of
          domestic violence" means any crime of violence (as defined in
          section 16 of title 18) against a person committed by a
          current or former spouse of the person, by an individual with
          whom the person shares a child in common, by an individual
          who is cohabiting with or has cohabited with the person as a
          spouse, by an individual similarly situated to a spouse of
          the person under the domestic or family violence laws of the
          jurisdiction where the offense occurs, or by any other
          individual against a person who is protected from that
          individual's acts under the domestic or family violence laws
          of the United States or any State, Indian tribal government,
          or unit of local government.
          (ii) Violators of protection orders
            Any alien who at any time after admission is enjoined under
          a protection order issued by a court and whom the court
          determines has engaged in conduct that violates the portion
          of a protection order that involves protection against
          credible threats of violence, repeated harassment, or bodily
          injury to the person or persons for whom the protection order
          was issued is deportable. For purposes of this clause, the
          term "protection order" means any injunction issued for the
          purpose of preventing violent or threatening acts of domestic
          violence, including temporary or final orders issued by civil
          or criminal courts (other than support or child custody
          orders or provisions) whether obtained by filing an
          independent action or as a pendente lite order in another
          proceeding.
        (F) Trafficking
          Any alien described in section 1182(a)(2)(H) of this title is
        deportable.
      (3) Failure to register and falsification of documents
        (A) Change of address
          An alien who has failed to comply with the provisions of
        section 1305 of this title is deportable, unless the alien
        establishes to the satisfaction of the Attorney General that
        such failure was reasonably excusable or was not willful.
        (B) Failure to register or falsification of documents
          Any alien who at any time has been convicted -
            (i) under section 1306(c) of this title or under section
          36(c) of the Alien Registration Act, 1940,
            (ii) of a violation of, or an attempt or a conspiracy to
          violate, any provision of the Foreign Agents Registration Act
          of 1938 (22 U.S.C. 611 et seq.), or
            (iii) of a violation of, or an attempt or a conspiracy to
          violate, section 1546 of title 18 (relating to fraud and
          misuse of visas, permits, and other entry documents),
        is deportable.
        (C) Document fraud
          (i) In general
            An alien who is the subject of a final order for violation
          of section 1324c of this title is deportable.
          (ii) Waiver authorized
            The Attorney General may waive clause (i) in the case of an
          alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence if no
          previous civil money penalty was imposed against the alien
          under section 1324c of this title and the offense was
          incurred solely to assist, aid, or support the alien's spouse
          or child (and no other individual). No court shall have
          jurisdiction to review a decision of the Attorney General to
          grant or deny a waiver under this clause.
        (D) Falsely claiming citizenship
          (i) In general
            Any alien who falsely represents, or has falsely
          represented, himself to be a citizen of the United States for
          any purpose or benefit under this chapter (including section
          1324a of this title) or any Federal or State law is
          deportable.
          (ii) Exception
            In the case of an alien making a representation described
          in clause (i), if each natural parent of the alien (or, in
          the case of an adopted alien, each adoptive parent of the
          alien) is or was a citizen (whether by birth or
          naturalization), the alien permanently resided in the United
          States prior to attaining the age of 16, and the alien
          reasonably believed at the time of making such representation
          that he or she was a citizen, the alien shall not be
          considered to be deportable under any provision of this
          subsection based on such representation.
      (4) Security and related grounds
        (A) In general
          Any alien who has engaged, is engaged, or at any time after
        admission engages in -
            (i) any activity to violate any law of the United States
          relating to espionage or sabotage or to violate or evade any
          law prohibiting the export from the United States of goods,
          technology, or sensitive information,
            (ii) any other criminal activity which endangers public
          safety or national security, or
            (iii) any activity a purpose of which is the opposition to,
          or the control or overthrow of, the Government of the United
          States by force, violence, or other unlawful means,
        is deportable.
        (B) Terrorist activities
          Any alien who is described in subparagraph (B) or (F) of
        section 1182(a)(3) of this title is deportable.
        (C) Foreign policy
          (i) In general
            An alien whose presence or activities in the United States
          the Secretary of State has reasonable ground to believe would
          have potentially serious adverse foreign policy consequences
          for the United States is deportable.
          (ii) Exceptions
            The exceptions described in clauses (ii) and (iii) of
          section 1182(a)(3)(C) of this title shall apply to
          deportability under clause (i) in the same manner as they
          apply to inadmissibility under section 1182(a)(3)(C)(i) of
          this title.
        (D) Participated in Nazi persecution, genocide, or the
          commission of any act of torture or extrajudicial killing
          Any alien described in clause (i), (ii), or (iii) of section
        1182(a)(3)(E) of this title is deportable.
        (E) Participated in the commission of severe violations of
          religious freedom
          Any alien described in section 1182(a)(2)(G) of this title is
        deportable.
        (F) Recruitment or use of child soldiers
          Any alien who has engaged in the recruitment or use of child
        soldiers in violation of section 2442 of title 18 is
        deportable.
      (5) Public charge
        Any alien who, within five years after the date of entry, has
      become a public charge from causes not affirmatively shown to
      have arisen since entry is deportable.
      (6) Unlawful voters
        (A) In general
          Any alien who has voted in violation of any Federal, State,
        or local constitutional provision, statute, ordinance, or
        regulation is deportable.
        (B) Exception
          In the case of an alien who voted in a Federal, State, or
        local election (including an initiative, recall, or referendum)
        in violation of a lawful restriction of voting to citizens, if
        each natural parent of the alien (or, in the case of an adopted
        alien, each adoptive parent of the alien) is or was a citizen
        (whether by birth or naturalization), the alien permanently
        resided in the United States prior to attaining the age of 16,
        and the alien reasonably believed at the time of such violation
        that he or she was a citizen, the alien shall not be considered
        to be deportable under any provision of this subsection based
        on such violation.
      (7) Waiver for victims of domestic violence
        (A) In general
          The Attorney General is not limited by the criminal court
        record and may waive the application of paragraph (2)(E)(i)
        (with respect to crimes of domestic violence and crimes of
        stalking) and (ii) in the case of an alien who has been
        battered or subjected to extreme cruelty and who is not and was
        not the primary perpetrator of violence in the relationship -
            (i) (!1) upon a determination that -
              (I) the alien was acting is (!2) self-defense;
              (II) the alien was found to have violated a protection
            order intended to protect the alien; or
              (III) the alien committed, was arrested for, was
            convicted of, or pled guilty to committing a crime -
                (aa) that did not result in serious bodily injury; and
                (bb) where there was a connection between the crime and
              the alien's having been battered or subjected to extreme
              cruelty.
        (B) Credible evidence considered
          In acting on applications under this paragraph, the Attorney
        General shall consider any credible evidence relevant to the
        application. The determination of what evidence is credible and
        the weight to be given that evidence shall be within the sole
        discretion of the Attorney General.
    (b) Deportation of certain nonimmigrants
      An alien, admitted as a nonimmigrant under the provision of
    either section 1101(a)(15)(A)(i) or 1101(a)(15)(G)(i) of this
    title, and who fails to maintain a status under either of those
    provisions, shall not be required to depart from the United States
    without the approval of the Secretary of State, unless such alien
    is subject to deportation under paragraph (4) of subsection (a) of
    this section.
    (c) Waiver of grounds for deportation
      Paragraphs (1)(A), (1)(B), (1)(C), (1)(D), and (3)(A) of
    subsection (a) of this section (other than so much of paragraph (1)
    as relates to a ground of inadmissibility described in paragraph
    (2) or (3) of section 1182(a) of this title) shall not apply to a
    special immigrant described in section 1101(a)(27)(J) of this title
    based upon circumstances that existed before the date the alien was
    provided such special immigrant status.
    (d) Administrative stay
      (1) If the Secretary of Homeland Security determines that an
    application for nonimmigrant status under subparagraph (T) or (U)
    of section 1101(a)(15) of this title filed for an alien in the
    United States sets forth a prima facie case for approval, the
    Secretary may grant the alien an administrative stay of a final
    order of removal under section 1231(c)(2) of this title until -
        (A) the application for nonimmigrant status under such
      subparagraph (T) or (U) is approved; or
        (B) there is a final administrative denial of the application
      for such nonimmigrant status after the exhaustion of
      administrative appeals.
      (2) The denial of a request for an administrative stay of removal
    under this subsection shall not preclude the alien from applying
    for a stay of removal, deferred action, or a continuance or
    abeyance of removal proceedings under any other provision of the
    immigration laws of the United States.
      (3) During any period in which the administrative stay of removal
    is in effect, the alien shall not be removed.
      (4) Nothing in this subsection may be construed to limit the
    authority of the Secretary of Homeland Security or the Attorney
    General to grant a stay of removal or deportation in any case not
    described in this subsection.

SOURCE

    (June 27, 1952, ch. 477, title II, ch. 4, Sec. 237, formerly ch. 5,
    Sec. 241, 66 Stat. 204; July 18, 1956, ch. 629, title III, Sec.
    301(b), (c), 70 Stat. 575; Pub. L. 86-648, Sec. 9, July 14, 1960,
    74 Stat. 505; Pub. L. 87-301, Sec. 16, Sept. 26, 1961, 75 Stat.
    655; Pub. L. 89-236, Sec. 11(e), Oct. 3, 1965, 79 Stat. 918; Pub.
    L. 94-571, Sec. 7(e), Oct. 20, 1976, 90 Stat. 2706; Pub. L. 95-549,
    title I, Sec. 103, Oct. 30, 1978, 92 Stat. 2065; Pub. L. 97-116,
    Sec. 8, Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1616; Pub. L. 99-570, title I, Sec.
    1751(b), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207-47; Pub. L. 99-603, title
    III, Sec. 303(b), Nov. 6, 1986, 100 Stat. 3431; Pub. L. 99-639,
    Sec. 2(b), Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3541; Pub. L. 99-653, Sec.
    7(c), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3657; Pub. L. 100-525, Secs.
    2(n)(2), 9(m), Oct. 24, 1988, 102 Stat. 2613, 2620; Pub. L. 100-
    690, title VII, Secs. 7344(a), 7348(a), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat.
    4470, 4473; Pub. L. 101-649, title I, Sec. 153(b), title V, Secs.
    505(a), 508(a), 544(b), title VI, Sec. 602(a), (b), Nov. 29, 1990,
    104 Stat. 5006, 5050, 5051, 5061, 5077, 5081; Pub. L. 102-232,
    title III, Secs. 302(d)(3), 307(h), (k), Dec. 12, 1991, 105 Stat.
    1745, 1755, 1756; Pub. L. 103-322, title XIII, Sec. 130003(d),
    Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2026; Pub. L. 103-416, title II, Secs.
    203(b), 219(g), Oct. 25, 1994, 108 Stat. 4311, 4317; Pub. L. 104-
    132, title IV, Secs. 414(a), 435(a), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat.
    1270, 1274; renumbered ch. 4, Sec. 237, and amended Pub. L. 104-
    208, div. C, title I, Sec. 108(c), title III, Secs. 301(d),
    305(a)(2), 308(d)(2), (3)(A), (e)(1)(E), (2)(C), (f)(1)(L)-(N),
    (5), 344(b), 345(b), 347(b), 350(a), 351(b), title VI, Sec.
    671(a)(4)(B), (d)(1)(C), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009-558, 3009-
    579, 3009-598, 3009-617, 3009-619 to 3009-622, 3009-637 to 3009-
    640, 3009-721, 3009-723; Pub. L. 106-386, div. B, title V, Sec.
    1505(b)(1), (c)(2), Oct. 28, 2000, 114 Stat. 1525, 1526; Pub. L.
    106-395, title II, Sec. 201(c)(1), (2), Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat.
    1634, 1635; Pub. L. 107-56, title IV, Sec. 411(b)(1), Oct. 26,
    2001, 115 Stat. 348; Pub. L. 108-458, title V, Secs. 5304(b), 5402,
    5501(b), 5502(b), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3736, 3737, 3740, 3741;
    Pub. L. 109-13, div. B, title I, Sec. 105(a)(1), (b), May 11, 2005,
    119 Stat. 309, 310; Pub. L. 109-248, title IV, Sec. 401, July 27,
    2006, 120 Stat. 622; Pub. L. 109-271, Sec. 6(c), Aug. 12, 2006, 120
    Stat. 763; Pub. L. 110-340, Sec. 2(c), Oct. 3, 2008, 122 Stat.
    3736; Pub. L. 110-457, title II, Secs. 204, 222(f)(2), Dec. 23,
    2008, 122 Stat. 5060, 5071.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

      Section 301 of the Immigration Act of 1990, referred to in
    subsec. (a)(1)(E)(ii), is section 301 of Pub. L. 101-649, which is
    set out as a note under section 1255a of this title.
      Section 112 of the Immigration Act of 1990, referred to in
    subsec. (a)(1)(E)(ii), is section 112 of Pub. L. 101-649, which is
    set out as a note under section 1153 of this title.
      The Military Selective Service Act, referred to in subsec.
    (a)(2)(D)(iii), is act June 24, 1948, ch. 625, 62 Stat. 604, as
    amended, which is classified principally to section 451 et seq. of
    Title 50, Appendix, War and National Defense. For complete
    classification of this Act to the Code, see References in Text note
    set out under section 451 of Title 50, Appendix, and Tables.
      The Trading With the Enemy Act, referred to in subsec.
    (a)(2)(D)(iii), is act Oct. 6, 1917, ch. 106, 40 Stat. 411, as
    amended, which is classified to sections 1 to 6, 7 to 39 and 41 to
    44 of Title 50, Appendix. For complete classification of this Act
    to the Code, see Tables.
      The Alien Registration Act, 1940, referred to in subsec.
    (a)(3)(B)(i), is act June 28, 1940, ch. 439, 54 Stat. 670, as
    amended. Section 36(a) of that act was classified to section 457(c)
    of this title and was repealed by section 403(a)(39) of act June
    27, 1952.
      The Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, referred to in
    subsec. (a)(3)(B)(ii), is act June 8, 1938, ch. 327, 52 Stat. 631,
    as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter II (Sec.
    611 et seq.) of chapter 11 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and
    Intercourse. For complete classification of this Act to the Code,
    see Short Title note set out under section 611 of Title 22 and
    Tables.

CODIFICATION

      Section was formerly classified to section 1251 of this title
    prior to renumbering by Pub. L. 104-208.

PRIOR PROVISIONS

      A prior section 1227, acts June 27, 1952, ch. 477, title II, ch.
    4, Sec. 237, 66 Stat. 201; Dec. 29, 1981, Pub. L. 97-116, Sec. 7,
    95 Stat. 1615; Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99-500, Sec. 101(b) [title
    II, Sec. 206(b)(2)], as added Oct. 24, 1988, Pub. L. 100-525, Sec.
    4(b)(4), 102 Stat. 2615; Oct. 24, 1988, Pub. L. 100-525, Sec. 9(l),
    102 Stat. 2620; Nov. 29, 1990, Pub. L. 101-649, title V, Sec.
    543(a)(2), 104 Stat. 5057; Dec. 12, 1991, Pub. L. 102-232, title
    III, Sec. 306(c)(4)(B), 105 Stat. 1752; Apr. 24, 1996, Pub. L. 104-
    132, title IV, Sec. 422(b), 110 Stat. 1272; Sept. 30, 1996, Pub.
    L. 104-208, div. C, title III, Sec. 308(d)(5), 110 Stat. 3009-619,
    related to immediate deportation of aliens excluded from admission
    or entering in violation of law, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 104-
    208, div. C, title III, Secs. 305(a)(1), 309, Sept. 30, 1996, 110
    Stat. 3009-597, 3009-625, effective, with certain transitional
    provisions, on the first day of the first month beginning more than
    180 days after Sept. 30, 1996. See section 1231 of this title.
                                AMENDMENTS
      2008 - Subsec. (a)(2)(F). Pub. L. 110-457, Sec. 222(f)(2), added
    subpar. (F).
      Subsec. (a)(4)(F). Pub. L. 110-340 added subpar. (F).
      Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 110-457, Sec. 204, added subsec. (d).
      2006 - Subsec. (a)(1)(H)(ii). Pub. L. 109-271 amended cl. (ii)
    generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (ii) read as follows: "is an
    alien who qualifies for classification under clause (iii) or (iv)
    of section 1154(a)(1)(A) of this title or clause (ii) or (iii) of
    section 1154(a)(1)(B) of this title."
      Subsec. (a)(2)(A)(v), (vi). Pub. L. 109-248 added cl. (v) and
    redesignated former cl. (v) as (vi).
      2005 - Subsec. (a)(4)(B). Pub. L. 109-13, Sec. 105(a)(1),
    reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior
    to amendment, text read as follows: "Any alien who has engaged, is
    engaged, or at any time after admission engages in any terrorist
    activity (as defined in section 1182(a)(3)(B)(iv) of this title) is
    deportable."
      Subsec. (a)(4)(E). Pub. L. 109-13, Sec. 105(b), repealed Pub. L.
    108-458, Sec. 5402. See 2004 Amendment note below.
      2004 - Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 108-458, Sec. 5304(b),
    substituted "United States, or whose nonimmigrant visa (or other
    documentation authorizing admission into the United States as a
    nonimmigrant) has been revoked under section 1201(i) of this title,
    is" for "United States is".
      Subsec. (a)(4)(D). Pub. L. 108-458, Sec. 5501(b), substituted
    "Participated in Nazi persecution, genocide, or the commission of
    any act of torture or extrajudicial killing" for "Assisted in Nazi
    persecution or engaged in genocide" in heading and "clause (i),
    (ii), or (iii)" for "clause (i) or (ii)" in text.
      Subsec. (a)(4)(E). Pub. L. 108-458, Sec. 5502(b), added subpar.
    (E) relating to participation in the commission of severe
    violations of religious freedom.
      Pub. L. 108-458, Sec. 5402, which added subpar. (E) relating to
    recipient of military-type training, was repealed by Pub. L. 109-
    13, Sec. 105(b). See Effective Date of 2005 Amendment note below.
      2001 - Subsec. (a)(4)(B). Pub. L. 107-56 substituted "section
    1182(a)(3)(B)(iv) of this title" for "section 1182(a)(3)(B)(iii) of
    this title".
      2000 - Subsec. (a)(1)(H). Pub. L. 106-386, Sec. 1505(c)(2),
    redesignated cls. (i) and (ii) as subcls. (I) and (II),
    respectively, of cl. (i), and added cl. (ii).
      Subsec. (a)(3)(D). Pub. L. 106-395, Sec. 201(c)(2), amended
    heading and text of subpar. (D) generally. Prior to amendment, text
    read as follows: "Any alien who falsely represents, or has falsely
    represented, himself to be a citizen of the United States for any
    purpose or benefit under this chapter (including section 1324a of
    this title) or any Federal or State law is deportable."
      Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 106-395, Sec. 201(c)(1), amended heading
    and text of par. (6) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as
    follows: "Any alien who has voted in violation of any Federal,
    State, or local constitutional provision, statute, ordinance, or
    regulation is deportable."
      Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 106-386, Sec. 1505(b)(1), added par. (7).
      1996 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 308(e)(2)(C),
    substituted "removed" for "deported" in introductory provisions.
      Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 301(d)(1), substituted "in and admitted to
    the United States" for "in the United States" in introductory
    provisions.
      Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 301(d)(2), substituted
    "Inadmissible" for "Excludable" in par. heading.
      Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 104-208, Secs. 301(d)(3),
    308(d)(3)(A), amended subpar. (A) identically, substituting
    "inadmissible" for "excludable".
      Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 301(d)(2), substituted "Inadmissible" for
    "Excludable" in subpar. heading.
      Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 301(d)(4), amended
    heading and text of subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, text
    read as follows: "Any alien who entered the United States without
    inspection or at any time or place other than as designated by the
    Attorney General or is in the United States in violation of this
    chapter or any other law of the United States is deportable."
      Subsec. (a)(1)(E)(iii). Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 351(b), inserted
    "an individual who at the time of the offense was" after "aided
    only".
      Subsec. (a)(1)(F). Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 671(d)(1)(C), struck out
    heading and text of subpar. (F). Text read as follows: "Any alien
    who obtains the status of an alien lawfully admitted for temporary
    residence under section 1161 of this title who fails to meet the
    requirement of section 1161(d)(5)(A) of this title by the end of
    the applicable period is deportable."
      Subsec. (a)(1)(G). Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 308(f)(1)(L),
    substituted "admission" for "entry" wherever appearing.
      Subsec. (a)(1)(H). Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 308(f)(5), which
    directed amendment of subsec. (a)(1)(H)(ii) by striking "at entry",
    was executed by striking "at entry" after "grounds of
    inadmissibility" in concluding provisions of subpar. (H) to reflect
    the probable intent of Congress.
      Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 308(f)(1)(M), substituted "admission as
    aliens" for "entry as aliens" in introductory provisions and "such
    admission" for "such entry" in cl. (ii).
      Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 308(e)(1)(E), substituted "removal" for
    "deportation" wherever appearing.
      Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 308(d)(2)(A), (3)(A), amended subpar. (H)
    identically, substituting "inadmissible" for "excludable" in
    introductory provisions.
      Subsec. (a)(2)(A)(i)(I). Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 671(a)(4)(B),
    substituted "1255(j)" for "1255(i)".
      Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 308(f)(1)(N), substituted "admission" for
    "entry".
      Subsec. (a)(2)(A)(i)(II). Pub. L. 104-132, Sec. 435(a), amended
    subcl. (II) generally. Prior to amendment, subcl. (II) read as
    follows: "either is sentenced to confinement or is confined
    therefor in a prison or correctional institution for one year or
    longer,".
      Subsec. (a)(2)(A)(ii), (iii). Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 308(f)(1)(N),
    substituted "admission" for "entry".
      Subsec. (a)(2)(A)(iv). Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 108(c)(2), added cl.
    (iv). Former cl. (iv) redesignated (v).
      Subsec. (a)(2)(A)(v). Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 108(c)(3),
    substituted "(iii), and (iv)" for "and (iii)".
      Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 108(c)(1), redesignated cl. (iv) as (v).
      Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 308(f)(1)(N),
    substituted "admission" for "entry" in cls. (i) and (ii).
      Subsec. (a)(2)(C). Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 308(f)(1)(N),
    substituted "admission" for "entry".
      Subsec. (a)(2)(E). Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 350(a), added subpar.
    (E).
      Subsec. (a)(2)(E)(i), (ii). Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 308(f)(1)(N),
    substituted "admission" for "entry".
      Subsec. (a)(3)(C). Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 345(b), amended heading
    and text of subpar. (C) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as
    follows: "Any alien who is the subject of a final order for
    violation of section 1324c of this title is deportable."
      Subsec. (a)(3)(D). Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 344(b), added subpar.
    (D).
      Subsec. (a)(4)(A), (B). Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 308(f)(1)(N),
    substituted "admission" for "entry".
      Subsec. (a)(4)(C)(ii). Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 308(d)(2)(B),
    substituted "inadmissibility" for "excludability".
      Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 347(b), added par. (6).
      Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 308(d)(2)(C), substituted
    "inadmissibility" for "exclusion".
      Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104-208, Sec. 308(d)(2)(D), struck out
    subsec. (d) which read as follows: "Notwithstanding any other
    provision of this subchapter, an alien found in the United States
    who has not been admitted to the United States after inspection in
    accordance with section 1225 of this title is deemed for purposes
    of this chapter to be seeking entry and admission to the United
    States and shall be subject to examination and exclusion by the
    Attorney General under part IV of this subchapter. In the case of
    such an alien the Attorney General shall provide by regulation an
    opportunity for the alien to establish that the alien was so
    admitted."
      Pub. L. 104-132, Sec. 414(a), added subsec. (d).
      1994 - Subsec. (a)(2)(A)(i)(I). Pub. L. 103-322 inserted "(or 10
    years in the case of an alien provided lawful permanent resident
    status under section 1255(i) of this title)" after "five years".
      Subsec. (a)(2)(C). Pub. L. 103-416, Sec. 203(b)(1), substituted
    ", or of attempting or conspiring to purchase, sell, offer for
    sale, exchange, use, own, possess, or carry," for "in violation of
    any law," and inserted "in violation of any law" after "title 18)".
      Subsec. (a)(3)(B)(ii), (iii). Pub. L. 103-416, Sec. 203(b)(2),
    inserted "an attempt or" before "a conspiracy".
      Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103-416, Sec. 219(g), substituted "and
    (3)(A) of subsection (a)" for "or (3)(A) of subsection (a)".
      1991 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102-232, Sec. 307(h)(1), substituted
    "if the alien is within one or more of the following classes of
    deportable aliens" for "if the alien is deportable as being within
    one or more of the following classes of aliens".
      Subsec. (a)(1)(D)(i). Pub. L. 102-232, Sec. 307(h)(2), inserted
    "respective" after "terminated under such".
      Subsec. (a)(1)(E)(i). Pub. L. 102-232, Sec. 307(h)(3), inserted
    "any" after "at the time of" and after "within 5 years of the date
    of" in parenthetical provision.
      Subsec. (a)(1)(E)(ii), (iii). Pub. L. 102-232, Sec. 307(h)(4),
    added cl. (ii) and redesignated former cl. (ii) as (iii).
      Subsec. (a)(1)(G). Pub. L. 102-232, Sec. 307(h)(5), substituted
    "section 1182(a)(6)(C)(i)" for "section 1182(a)(5)(C)(i)".
      Subsec. (a)(1)(H). Pub. L. 102-232, Sec. 307(h)(6), substituted
    "paragraph (4)(D)" for "paragraph (6) or (7)".
      Subsec. (a)(2)(D). Pub. L. 102-232, Sec. 307(h)(7), inserted "or
    attempt" after "conspiracy".
      Subsec. (a)(3)(C). Pub. L. 102-232, Sec. 307(h)(8), added subpar.
    (C).
      Subsec. (a)(4)(A), (B). Pub. L. 102-232, Sec. 307(h)(9),
    substituted "after entry engages" for "after entry has engaged".
      Subsec. (a)(4)(C). Pub. L. 102-232, Sec. 307(h)(10), substituted
    "excludability" for "excluability".
      Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 102-232, Sec. 307(k)(2), redesignated
    subsec. (h) as (c) and substituted "existed" for "exist".
      Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 102-232, Sec. 307(k)(1), struck out subsec.
    (d) which related to applicability of this section to aliens
    belonging to any of the classes enumerated in subsection (a) of
    this section.
      Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 102-232, Sec. 307(k)(2), redesignated
    subsec. (h) as (c).
      Pub. L. 102-232, Sec. 302(d)(3), struck out comma after "(3)(A)".
      1990 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101-649, Sec. 602(a), amended subsec.
    (a) generally, consolidating 20 categories of excludable aliens
    into 5 broader classes.
      Pub. L. 101-649, Sec. 544(b), added par. (21) which read as
    follows: "is the subject of a final order for violation of section
    1324c of this title."
      Pub. L. 101-649, Sec. 508(a), substituted "conspiracy or attempt"
    for "conspiracy" in par. (11).
      Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101-649, Sec. 602(b), redesignated subsec.
    (e) as (b), substituted "paragraph (4) of subsection (a) of this
    section" for "subsection (a)(6) or (7) of this section" and struck
    out former subsec. (b) which related to nonapplicability of subsec.
    (a)(4) of this section.
      Pub. L. 101-649, Sec. 505(a), struck out "(1)" after "crimes
    shall not apply" and ", or (2) if the court sentencing such alien
    for such crime shall make, at the time of first imposing judgment
    or passing sentence, or within thirty days thereafter, a
    recommendation to the Attorney General that such alien not be
    deported, due notice having been given prior to making such
    recommendation to representatives of the interested State, the
    Service, and prosecution authorities, who shall be granted an
    opportunity to make representations in the matter" at end of first
    sentence, and inserted "or who has been convicted of an aggravated
    felony" after "subsection (a)(11) of this section" in second
    sentence.
      Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101-649, Sec. 602(b)(1), struck out subsec.
    (c) which related to fraudulent entry.
      Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 101-649, Sec. 602(b)(2)(B), redesignated
    subsec. (e) as (b).
      Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 101-649, Sec. 602(b)(1), struck out
    subsecs. (f) and (g) which related to waiver of deportation in
    specified cases and hardship waivers, respectively.
      Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 101-649, Sec. 153(b)(2), amended subsec. (h)
    generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (h) read as follows:
    "Paragraphs (1), (2), (5), (9), or (12) of subsection (a) of this
    section (other than so much of paragraph (1) as relates to a ground
    of exclusion described in paragraph (9), (10), (23), (27), (29), or
    (33) of section 1182(a) of this title) shall not apply to a special
    immigrant described in section 1101(a)(27)(J) of this title based
    upon circumstances that exist before the date the alien was
    provided such special immigrant status."
      Pub. L. 101-649, Sec. 153(b)(1), added subsec. (h).
      1988 - Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 100-690, Sec. 7344(a), inserted
    cl. (B).
      Subsec. (a)(14). Pub. L. 100-690 inserted "any firearm or
    destructive device (as defined in paragraphs (3) and (4)),
    respectively, of section 921(a) of title 18, or any revolver or"
    after "law".
      Subsec. (a)(17). Pub. L. 100-525, Sec. 9(m), substituted
    "amendment, thereof, known as the Trading With the Enemy Act" for
    "amendment thereof; the Trading With the Enemy Act".
      Subsec. (a)(20). Pub. L. 100-525, Sec. 2(n)(2), substituted "an
    alien lawfully admitted" for "an alien who becomes lawfully
    admitted".
      1986 - Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 99-639, Sec. 2(b)(1), designated
    existing provisions as cl. (A) and added cl. (B).
      Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 99-653 repealed par. (10). Prior to
    repeal, par. (10) read as follows: "entered the United States from
    foreign contiguous territory or adjacent islands, having arrived
    there on a vessel or aircraft of a nonsignatory transportation
    company under section 1228(a) of this title and was without the
    required period of stay in such foreign contiguous territory or
    adjacent islands following such arrival (other than an alien
    described in section 1101(a)(27)(A) of this title and aliens born
    in the Western Hemisphere);".
      Subsec. (a)(11). Pub. L. 99-570 substituted "any law or
    regulation of a State, the United States, or a foreign country
    relating to a controlled substance (as defined in section 802 of
    title 21)" for "any law or regulation relating to the illicit
    possession of or traffic in narcotic drugs or marihuana, or who has
    been convicted of a violation of, or a conspiracy to violate, any
    law or regulation governing or controlling the taxing, manufacture,
    production, compounding, transportation, sale, exchange,
    dispensing, giving away, importation, exportation, or the
    possession for the purpose of the manufacture, production,
    compounding, transportation, sale, exchange, dispensing, giving
    away, importation, or exportation of opium, coca leaves, heroin,
    marihuana, any salt derivative or preparation of opium or coca
    leaves or isonipecaine or any addiction-forming or addiction-
    sustaining opiate".
      Subsec. (a)(20). Pub. L. 99-603 added par. (20).
      Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 99-639, Sec. 2(b)(2), added subsec. (g).
      1981 - Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 97-116 designated existing provision
    as par. (1)(A), substituted provision authorizing discretionary
    waiver of deportation based on visa fraud or misrepresentation in
    the case of an alien, other than an alien described in subsec.
    (a)(19) of this section, who is the spouse, parent, or child of a
    citizen of the United States or of an alien lawfully admitted to
    the United States for permanent residence and who was in possession
    of an immigrant visa or equivalent document and was otherwise
    admissible to the United States at the time of such entry except
    for those grounds specified in section 1182(a)(14), (20), and (21)
    of this title which were a direct result of that fraud or
    misrepresentation, with relief available to those who have made
    innocent, as well as fraudulent, misrepresentations, for provision
    requiring mandatory waiver of deportation based on visa fraud or
    misrepresentation at the time of entry in the case of an alien who
    is the spouse, parent, or child of a United States citizen or of an
    alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence who is otherwise
    admissible, and added pars. (1)(B) and (2).
      1978 - Subsec. (a)(19). Pub. L. 95-549 added par. (19).
      1976 - Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 94-571 substituted "(other than
    an alien described in section 1101(a)(27)(A) of this title and
    aliens born in the Western Hemisphere)" for "(other than an alien
    who is a native-born citizen of any of the countries enumerated in
    section 1101(a)(27)(A) of this title and an alien described in
    section 1101(a)(27)(B) of this title)".
      1965 - Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 89-236 substituted "section
    1101(a)(27)(A) of this title" for "section 1101(a)(27)(C) of this
    title".
      1961 - Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 87-301 added subsec. (f).
      1960 - Subsec. (a)(11). Pub. L. 86-648 inserted "or marihuana"
    after "narcotic drugs".
      1956 - Subsec. (a)(11). Act July 18, 1956, Sec. 301(b), included
    conspiracy to violate any narcotic law, and the illicit possession
    of narcotics, as additional grounds for deportation.
      Subsec. (b). Act July 18, 1956, Sec. 301(c), inserted at end "The
    provisions of this subsection shall not apply in the case of any
    alien who is charged with being deportable from the United States
    under subsection (a)(11) of this section."
                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2005 AMENDMENT
      Pub. L. 109-13, div. B, title I, Sec. 105(a)(2), May 11, 2005,
    119 Stat. 309, provided that: "The amendment made by paragraph (1)
    [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of the
    enactment of this division [May 11, 2005], and the amendment, and
    section 237(a)(4)(B) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8
    U.S.C. 1227(a)(4)(B)), as amended by such paragraph, shall apply to
    -
        "(A) removal proceedings instituted before, on, or after the
      date of the enactment of this division [May 11, 2005]; and
        "(B) acts and conditions constituting a ground for
      inadmissibility, excludability, deportation, or removal occurring
      or existing before, on, or after such date."
      Pub. L. 109-13, div. B, title I, Sec. 105(b), May 11, 2005, 119
    Stat. 310, provided that: "Effective as of the date of the
    enactment of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act
    of 2004 (Public Law 108-458) [Dec. 17, 2004], section 5402 of such
    Act [amending this section] is repealed, and the Immigration and
    Nationality Act [8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.] shall be applied as if such
    section had not been enacted."
                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2004 AMENDMENT
      Amendment by section 5304(b) of Pub. L. 108-458 effective Dec.
    17, 2004, and applicable to revocations under sections 1155 and
    1201(i) of this title made before, on, or after such date, see
    section 5304(d) of Pub. L. 108-458, set out as a note under section
    1155 of this title.
      Amendment by section 5501(b) of Pub. L. 108-458 applicable to
    offenses committed before, on, or after Dec. 17, 2004, see section
    5501(c) of Pub. L. 108-458, set out as a note under section 1182 of
    this title.
                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2001 AMENDMENT
      Amendment by Pub. L. 107-56 effective Oct. 26, 2001, and
    applicable to actions taken by an alien before, on, or after Oct.
    26, 2001, and to all aliens, regardless of date of entry or
    attempted entry into the United States, in removal proceedings on
    or after such date (except for proceedings in which there has been
    a final administrative decision before such date) or seeking
    admission to the United States on or after such date, with special
    rules and exceptions, see section 411(c) of Pub. L. 107-56, set out
    as a note under section 1182 of this title.
                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2000 AMENDMENT
      Pub. L. 106-395, title II, Sec. 201(c)(3), Oct. 30, 2000, 114
    Stat. 1635, provided that: "The amendment made by paragraph (1)
    [amending this section] shall be effective as if included in the
    enactment of section 347 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and
    Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (Public Law 104-208; 110 Stat.
    3009-638) and shall apply to voting occurring before, on, or after
    September 30, 1996. The amendment made by paragraph (2) [amending
    this section] shall be effective as if included in the enactment of
    section 344 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant
    Responsibility Act of 1996 (Public Law 104-208; 110 Stat. 3009-637)
    and shall apply to representations made on or after September 30,
    1996. Such amendments shall apply to individuals in proceedings
    under the Immigration and Nationality Act [8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.]
    on or after September 30, 1996."
                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1996 AMENDMENTS
      Amendment by sections 301(d), 305(a)(2), and 308(d)(2)(A)-(C),
    (3)(A), (e)(1)(E), (2)(C), (f)(1)(L)-(N), (5) of Pub. L. 104-208
    effective, with certain transitional provisions, on the first day
    of the first month beginning more than 180 days after Sept. 30,
    1996, see section 309 of Pub. L. 104-208, set out as a note under
    section 1101 of this title.
      Section 308(d)(2)(D) of div. C of Pub. L. 104-208 provided that
    the amendment made by that section is effective Sept. 30, 1996.
      Amendment by section 344(b) of Pub. L. 104-208 applicable to
    representations made on or after Sept. 30, 1996, see section 344(c)
    of Pub. L. 104-208, set out as a note under section 1182 of this
    title.
      Amendment by section 347(b) of Pub. L. 104-208 applicable to
    voting occurring before, on, or after Sept. 30, 1996, see section
    347(c) of Pub. L. 104-208, set out as a note under section 1182 of
    this title.
      Section 350(b) of div. C of Pub. L. 104-208 provided that: "The
    amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall
    apply to convictions, or violations of court orders, occurring
    after the date of the enactment of this Act [Sept. 30, 1996]."
      Amendment by section 351(b) of Pub. L. 104-208 applicable to
    applications for waivers filed before, on, or after Sept. 30, 1996,
    but not applicable to such an application for which a final
    determination has been made as of Sept. 30, 1996, see section
    351(c) of Pub. L. 104-208, set out as a note under section 1182 of
    this title.
      Amendment by section 671(a)(4)(B) of Pub. L. 104-208 effective as
    if included in the enactment of the Violent Crime Control and Law
    Enforcement Act of 1994, Pub. L. 103-322, see section 671(a)(7) of
    Pub. L. 104-208, set out as a note under section 1101 of this
    title.
      Section 414(b) of Pub. L. 104-132 provided that: "The amendment
    made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on
    the first day of the first month beginning more than 180 days after
    the date of the enactment of this Act [Apr. 24, 1996]."
      Section 435(b) of Pub. L. 104-132 provided that: "The amendment
    made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to
    aliens against whom deportation proceedings are initiated after the
    date of the enactment of this Act [Apr. 24, 1996]."
                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1994 AMENDMENT
      Amendment by section 203(b) of Pub. L. 103-416 applicable to
    convictions occurring before, on, or after Oct. 25, 1994, see
    section 203(c) of Pub. L. 103-416, set out as an Effective and
    Termination Dates of 1994 Amendments note under section 1182 of
    this title.
      Amendment by section 219(g) of Pub. L. 103-416 effective as if
    included in the enactment of the Immigration Act of 1990, Pub. L.
    101-649, see section 219(dd) of Pub. L. 103-416, set out as a note
    under section 1101 of this title.
                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1991 AMENDMENT
      Amendment by sections 302(d)(3), 307(h) of Pub. L. 102-232
    effective as if included in the enactment of the Immigration Act of
    1990, Pub. L. 101-649, see section 310(1) of Pub. L. 102-232, set
    out as a note under section 1101 of this title.
      Section 307(k) of Pub. L. 102-232 provided that the amendment
    made by that section is effective as if included in section 602(b)
    of the Immigration Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101-649.
                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1990 AMENDMENT
      Amendment by section 153(b)(1) of Pub. L. 101-649 effective Nov.
    29, 1990, and (unless otherwise provided) applicable to fiscal year
    1991, see section 161(b) of Pub. L. 101-649, set out as a note
    under section 1101 of this title.
      Section 153(b)(2) of Pub. L. 101-649 provided that the amendment
    of the subsec. (h) added by section 153(b)(1) of Pub. L. 101-649 is
    effective on the date the amendments by section 602 of Pub. L. 101-
    649 become effective. See section 602(d) of Pub. L. 101-649, set
    out below.
      Section 505(b) of Pub. L. 101-649 provided that: "The amendments
    made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on
    the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 29, 1990] and shall
    apply to convictions entered before, on, or after such date."
      Section 508(b) of Pub. L. 101-649 provided that: "The amendment
    made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to
    convictions occurring on or after the date of the enactment of this
    Act [Nov. 29, 1990]."
      Section 544(d), formerly (c), of Pub. L. 101-649, as redesignated
    by Pub. L. 102-232, title III, Sec. 306(c)(5)(B), Dec. 12, 1991,
    105 Stat. 1752, provided that: "The amendments made by this section
    [enacting section 1324c of this title and amending this section]
    shall apply to persons or entities that have committed violations
    on or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 29, 1990]."
      Section 602(d) of Pub. L. 101-649 provided that: "The amendments
    made by this section, and by section 603(b) of this Act [amending
    this section, sections 1161, 1252, 1253, and 1254 of this title,
    and section 402 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare], shall
    not apply to deportation proceedings for which notice has been
    provided to the alien before March 1, 1991."
                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1988 AMENDMENTS
      Section 7344(b) of Pub. L. 100-690 provided that: "The amendments
    made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to any
    alien who has been convicted, on or after the date of the enactment
    of this Act [Nov. 18, 1988], of an aggravated felony."
      Section 7348(b) of Pub. L. 100-690 provided that: "The amendment
    made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to any
    alien convicted, on or after the date of the enactment of this Act
    [Nov. 18, 1988], of possessing any firearm or destructive device
    referred to in such subsection."
      Amendment by section 2(n)(2) of Pub. L. 100-525 effective as if
    included in enactment of Immigration Reform and Control Act of
    1986, Pub. L. 99-603, see section 2(s) of Pub. L. 100-525, set out
    as a note under section 1101 of this title.
                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1986 AMENDMENTS
      Amendment by Pub. L. 99-653 applicable to visas issued, and
    admissions occurring, on or after Nov. 14, 1986, see section 23(a)
    of Pub. L. 99-653, set out as a note under section 1101 of this
    title.
      Amendment by Pub. L. 99-570 applicable to convictions occurring
    before, on, or after Oct. 27, 1986, see section 1751(c) of Pub. L.
    99-570, set out as a note under section 1182 of this title.
                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1981 AMENDMENT
      Amendment by Pub. L. 97-116 effective Dec. 29, 1981, see section
    21(a) of Pub. L. 97-116, set out as a note under section 1101 of
    this title.
                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1976 AMENDMENT
      Amendment by Pub. L. 94-571 effective on first day of first month
    which begins more than sixty days after Oct. 20, 1976, see section
    10 of Pub. L. 94-571, set out as a note under section 1101 of this
    title.
                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1965 AMENDMENT
      For effective date of amendment by Pub. L. 89-236 see section 20
    of Pub. L. 89-236, set out as a note under section 1151 of this
    title.
                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1956 AMENDMENT
      Amendment by act July 18, 1956, effective July 19, 1956, see
    section 401 of act July 18, 1956.
                             SAVINGS PROVISION
      Section 602(c) of Pub. L. 101-649 provided that: "Notwithstanding
    the amendments made by this section [amending this section], any
    alien who was deportable because of a conviction (before the date
    of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 29, 1990]) of an offense
    referred to in paragraph (15), (16), (17), or (18) of section
    241(a) [now 237] of the Immigration and Nationality Act [8 U.S.C.
    1227], as in effect before the date of the enactment of this Act,
    shall be considered to remain so deportable. Except as otherwise
    specifically provided in such section and subsection (d) [set out
    as a note above], the provisions of such section, as amended by
    this section, shall apply to all aliens described in subsection (a)
    thereof notwithstanding that (1) any such alien entered the United
    States before the date of the enactment of this Act, or (2) the
    facts, by reason of which an alien is described in such subsection,
    occurred before the date of the enactment of this Act."

ABOLITION OF IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE AND TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS

      For abolition of Immigration and Naturalization Service, transfer
    of functions, and treatment of related references, see note set out
    under section 1551 of this title.

REPORT ON CRIMINAL ALIENS

      Section 510 of Pub. L. 101-649, as amended by Pub. L. 102-232,
    title III, Sec. 306(a)(8), (9), Dec. 12, 1991, 105 Stat. 1751,
    provided that the Attorney General was to submit to appropriate
    Committees of Congress, by not later than Dec. 1, 1991, a report
    describing efforts of Immigration and Naturalization Service to
    identify, apprehend, detain, and remove from the United States
    aliens who have been convicted of crimes in the United States and
    including a criminal alien census and removal plan.

FOOTNOTE

    (!1) So in original. No cl. (ii) has been enacted.
    (!2) So in original. Probably should be "in".
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