Judge Mark J. Jebson

FY 2018 - 2023, Detroit Immigration Court

Published Oct 19, 2023

Attorney General Loretta E. Lynch appointed Judge Jebson to begin hearing cases in January 2016. Judge Jebson received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1990 from the University of California, Los Angeles, a Juris Doctor in 1994 from the John Marshall Law School, and a Master of Laws degree in 1995 from the New York University School of Law. From 2003 through 2015, Judge Jebson served in the Office of Chief Counsel, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Department of Homeland Security, in Detroit, in various capacities, including: senior attorney, deputy chief counsel, assistant chief counsel, and as a special assistant U.S. attorney in the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Michigan. From 2002 through 2003, Judge Jebson served as an assistant U.S. attorney in the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Northern District of Texas, in Dallas. From 1997 through 2002, Judge Jebson served as an assistant district counsel in the former Immigration and Naturalization Service, U.S. Department of Justice, in Detroit. From 1996 through 1997, he served as a judicial law clerk for the Michigan Supreme Court, and from 1995 through 1996, as a prehearing attorney for the Michigan Court of Appeals, in Detroit. Judge Jebson is a member of the Illinois State Bar and the State Bar of Michigan.

Deciding Asylum Cases

Detailed data on decisions by Judge Jebson were examined for the period covering fiscal years 2018 through 2023. During this period, court records show that Judge Jebson decided 543 asylum claims on their merits. Of these, he granted asylum for 104, granted 16 other types of relief, and denied relief to 423. Converted to percentage terms, Jebson denied 77.9 percent and granted 22.1 percent of asylum cases (including forms of relief other than asylum).

Figure 1 provides a comparison of Judge Jebson's denial rate each fiscal year over this recent period. (Rates for years with less than 25 decisions are not shown.)

Nationwide Comparisons

Compared to Judge Jebson's denial rate of 77.9 percent, Immigration Court judges across the country denied 60.6 percent of asylum claims during this same period. Judges at the Detroit Immigration Court where Judge Jebson decided these cases denied asylum 64.6 percent of the time. See Figure 2.

Judge Jebson's asylum grant and denial rates are compared with other judges serving on the same court in this table. Note that when an Immigration Judge serves on more than one court during the same period, separate Immigration Judge reports are created for any Court in which the judge rendered at least 100 asylum decisions.

Why Do Denial Rates Vary Among Judges?

Although denial rates are shaped by each Judge's judicial philosophy, denial rates are also shaped by other factors, such as the types of cases on the Judge's docket, the detained status of immigrant respondents, current immigration policies, and other factors beyond an individual Judge's control. For example, TRAC has previously found that legal representation and the nationality of the asylum seeker are just two factors that appear to impact asylum decision outcomes.

The composition of cases may differ significantly between Immigration Courts in the country. Within a single Court when cases are randomly assigned to judges sitting on that Court, each Judge should have roughly a similar composition of cases given a sufficient number of asylum cases. Then variations in asylum decisions among Judges on the same Immigration Court would appear to reflect, at least in part, the judicial philosophy that the Judge brings to the bench. However, if judges within a Court are assigned to specialized dockets or hearing locations, then case compositions are likely to continue to differ and can contribute to differences in asylum denial rates.

Representation

When asylum seekers are not represented by an attorney, almost all of them (80%) are denied asylum. In contrast, a significantly higher proportion of represented asylum seekers are successful. In the case of Judge Jebson, 23.6% were not represented by an attorney. See Figure 3. For the nation as a whole, about 15.7% of asylum seekers are not represented.

Nationality

Asylum seekers are a diverse group. Over one hundred different nationalities had at least one hundred individuals claiming asylum decided during this period. As might be expected, immigration courts located in different parts of the country tend to have proportionately larger shares from some countries than from others. And, given the required legal grounds for a successful asylum claim, asylum seekers from some nations tend to be more successful than others.

The largest group of asylum seekers appearing before Judge Jebson came from Honduras. Individuals from this country made up 18.4% of his caseload. Other nationalities in descending order of frequency appearing before Judge Jebson were: Guatemala (11.8%), Mexico (10.1%), El Salvador (7.7%), Iraq (5.9%). See Figure 4.

In the nation as a whole during this same period, major nationalities of asylum seekers, in descending order of frequency, were El Salvador (16.6%), Guatemala (15.1%), Honduras (13.8%), Mexico (9.2%), China (6.8%), India (5.1%), Venezuela (3.2%), Ecuador (3.1%), Cuba (2.4%), Nicaragua (2.3%), Brazil (2.0%), Colombia (1.4%), Cameroon (1.4%).