Immigration Prosecutions for September 2007
The latest available data from the Justice Department show that during September 2007 the government reported 4527 new immigration prosecutions. According to the case-by-case information analyzed by the Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse (TRAC), this number is up 23.5% over the previous month.
The comparisons of the number of defendants charged with immigration-related offenses are based on case-by-case information obtained by TRAC under the Freedom of Information Act from the Executive Office for United States Attorneys. (See Table 1)
When monthly 2007 prosecutions of this type are compared with those of the same period in the previous year, the number of filings was up (10.7 percent). Prosecutions over the past year are still much higher than they were five years ago. Overall, the data show that prosecutions of this type are up 122.6 percent from levels reported in 2002.
The substantial growth in these cases is partly related to increases in the matters filed in U.S. Magistrate Courts. If magistrate cases are excluded and only Federal District Court cases are counted, the overall increase in immigration prosecutions is 26.7 percent instead of 122.6 percent. The evidence suggests that part of the difference may be the result of improvements in the recording of the magistrate cases by the Justice Department.
The increase from the levels five years ago in immigration prosecutions for these matters is shown more clearly in Figure 1. The vertical bars in Figure 1 represent the number of immigration prosecutions of this type recorded on a month-to-month basis. The superimposed line on the bars plots the six-month moving average so that natural fluctuations are smoothed out. The one and five-year rates of change in Table 1 and in the sections that follow are all based upon this six-month moving average. To view trends year-by-year rather than month-by-month, see TRAC's annual report series for a broader picture.
Virtually all federal criminal prosecutions for immigration offenses in September 2007 (99 percent) were referred by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The two lead investigative agencies in DHS are Customs and Border Protection (CBP) whose border patrol agencies guard the county's borders, and Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), responsible for conducting most immigration criminal investigations under the immigration laws. See Figure 2.
Immigration Prosecutions in U.S. Magistrate Courts
Top Ranked Lead Charges
In September 2007, 58 percent of immigration cases for these matters took place in U.S. Magistrate Courts which handle less serious misdemeanor cases, including what are called "petty offenses." In the magistrate courts in September the most frequently cited lead charge was Title 8 U.S.C Section 1325 involving the "Entry of alien at improper time or place; etc.". This was the lead charge for 56.8 percent of all magistrate filings in September.
Other frequently prosecuted lead charges include: "8 USC 1326 - Reentry of deported alien" (33.6%), "8 USC 1324 - Bringing in and harboring certain aliens" (5.7%).
Immigration Prosecutions in U.S. District Courts
Top Ranked Lead Charges
Table 2 shows the top lead charges recorded in the prosecutions of immigration matters filed in U.S. District Court during September 2007.
Lead Charge Count Rank 1yr ago 5yrs ago 8 USC 1326 - Reentry of deported alien 1,284 1 1 1 More 8 USC 1324 - Bringing in and harboring certain aliens 299 2 2 2 More 8 USC 1325 - Entry of alien at improper time or place; etc. 111 3 3 3 More 18 USC 1546 - Fraud and misuse of visas, permits, and other documents 59 4 4 4 More 18 USC 1028 - Fraud and related activity - id documents 47 5 5 7 More 18 USC 1542 - False statement in application and use of passport 19 6 8 8 More 18 USC 911 - False personification - Citizen of the US 15 7 6 6 More 18 :02237 8 8 21 - More 18 USC 922 - Firearms; Unlawful acts 6 9 11 11 More 18 USC 1543 - Forgery or false use of passport 5 10 9 9 More 18 USC 1544 - Misuse of passport 5 10 18 18 More
Table 2: Top charges filed
"Reentry of deported alien" (Title 8 U.S.C Section 1326) was the most frequent recorded lead charge. "Reentry of deported alien" (Title 8 U.S.C Section 1326) was ranked 1 a year ago, while it was the 1 most frequently invoked 5 years ago..
Ranked 2nd in frequency was the lead charge "Bringing in and harboring certain aliens" under Title 8 U.S.C Section 1324. "Bringing in and harboring certain aliens" under Title 8 U.S.C Section 1324 was ranked 2 a year ago, while it was the 2 most frequently invoked 5 years ago..
Ranked 3rd was "Entry of alien at improper time or place; etc." under Title 8 U.S.C Section 1325. "Entry of alien at improper time or place; etc." under Title 8 U.S.C Section 1325 was ranked 3 a year ago, while it was the 3 most frequently invoked 5 years ago..
Among these top ten lead charges, the one showing the greatest increase in prosecutions—up 150 percent—compared to one year ago was Title 18 U.S.C Section 1544 that involves " Misuse of passport ". This was the same statute that had the largest increase—233.3 %—when compared with five years ago.
Again among the top ten lead charges, the one showing the sharpest decline in prosecutions compared to one year ago—down 38.7 percent—was Forgery or false use of passport (Title 18 U.S.C Section 1543 ). Compared to five years ago, the most significant decline in prosecutions— 34.2 percent—was for filings where the lead charge was " Entry of alien at improper time or place; etc. " (Title 8 U.S.C Section 1325 ).
Top Ranked Judicial Districts
Understandably, there is great variation in the number of immigration prosecutions that are filed in each of the nation's ninety-four federal judicial districts.
The districts registering the largest number of prosecutions of this type last month are shown in Table 3.
Judicial District Count Rank 1yr ago 5yrs ago Texas, S 409 1 1 1 More Texas, W 244 2 2 4 More Arizona 224 3 3 2 More Cal, S 217 4 5 3 More N Mexico 130 5 4 5 More Cal, C 89 6 9 8 More Fla, S 41 7 6 9 More N. Y., N 38 8 22 19 More Cal, N 37 9 17 18 More N Car, E 30 10 48 45 More
Table 3: Top 10 districts
The Southern District of Texas (Houston)—with 409 prosecutions—was the most active during September 2007. The Southern District of Texas (Houston) was ranked 1 a year ago, while it was ranked 1 five years ago.
The Western District of Texas (San Antonio) ranked 2nd. The Western District of Texas (San Antonio) was ranked 2 a year ago, while it was ranked 4 five years ago.
District of Arizona is now ranking 3rd. The District of Arizona was ranked 3 a year ago, while it was ranked 2 five years ago.
Recent entrants to the top 10 list were Northern District of California (San Francisco), now ranked 9th , and Northern District of New York (Syracuse) at 8th In the same order, these districts ranked 17th and 22nd one year ago and 18th and 19th five years ago.
The federal judicial district which showed the greatest growth in immigration prosecutions compared to one year ago— 191.4 percent—was Central District of California (Los Angeles). Compared to five years ago, the district with the largest growth— 235.3 percent—was Eastern District of North Carolina (Raleigh).
In the last year, the judicial District Court recording the largest drop in immigration prosecutions— 6.2 percent—was New Mexico . But over the past five years, showed the largest drop— percent.
Top Ranked District Judges
At any one time, there are about 680 federal District Court judges working in the United States. The judges recorded with the largest number of new immigration crime cases of this type during September 2007 are shown in Table 4.
Judge Count Rank 1yr ago 5yrs ago Alvarez, Micaela Texas, S 67 1 2 - More Hinojosa, Ricardo H. Texas, S 61 2 8 12 More Kazen, George P. Texas, S 59 3 3 4 More Crane, Randy Texas, S 54 4 6 10 More Hanen, Andrew S. Texas, S 54 4 5 17 More Brack, Robert C. N Mexico 52 6 1 - More Tagle, Hilda G. Texas, S 50 7 4 5 More Montalvo, Frank Texas, W 40 8 7 348 More Briones, David Texas, W 37 9 9 5 More Cardone, Kathleen Texas, W 36 10 10 438 More Martinez, Philip Ray Texas, W 36 10 11 7 More
Table 4: Top 10 judges
All 11 of the "top ten" judges were in districts which were in the top ten with the largest number of immigration filings . (Because of ties, there were a total of 11 judges in the "top ten" rankings.)
Judge Micaela Alvarez in the Southern District of Texas (Houston) ranked 1st with 67 defendants in immigration cases. Judge Alvarezalso appeared in the top ten rankings one year ago(ranked 2).
Judge Ricardo H. Hinojosa in the Southern District of Texas (Houston) ranked 2nd with 61 defendants in immigration cases. Judge Hinojosaalso appeared in the top ten rankings one year ago(ranked 8).
Judge George P. Kazen in the Southern District of Texas (Houston) ranked 3rd with 59 defendants in immigration cases. Judge Kazen appeared in the top ten rankings one year (ranked 3) and five years ago (rank 4).
