Immigration Prosecutions for December 2007
The latest available data from the Justice Department show that during December 2007 the government reported 4430 new immigration prosecutions. According to the case-by-case information analyzed by the Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse (TRAC), this number is up 34.6% over the previous month.
The comparisons of the number of defendants charged with immigration-related offenses are based on case-by-case information obtained by TRAC under the Freedom of Information Act from the Executive Office for United States Attorneys. (See Table 1)
When monthly 2007 prosecutions of this type are compared with those of the same period in the previous year, the number of filings was up (25.6 percent). Prosecutions over the past year are still much higher than they were five years ago. Overall, the data show that prosecutions of this type are up 129.1 percent from levels reported in 2002.
The substantial growth in these cases is partly related to increases in the matters filed in U.S. Magistrate Courts. If magistrate cases are excluded and only Federal District Court cases are counted, the overall increase in immigration prosecutions is 23.8 percent instead of 129.1 percent. The evidence suggests that part of the difference may be the result of improvements in the recording of the magistrate cases by the Justice Department.
The increase from the levels five years ago in immigration prosecutions for these matters is shown more clearly in Figure 1. The vertical bars in Figure 1 represent the number of immigration prosecutions of this type recorded on a month-to-month basis. The superimposed line on the bars plots the six-month moving average so that natural fluctuations are smoothed out. The one and five-year rates of change in Table 1 and in the sections that follow are all based upon this six-month moving average. To view trends year-by-year rather than month-by-month, see TRAC's annual report series for a broader picture.
Virtually all federal criminal prosecutions for immigration offenses in December 2007 (99 percent) were referred by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The two lead investigative agencies in DHS are Customs and Border Protection (CBP) whose border patrol agencies guard the county's borders, and Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), responsible for conducting most immigration criminal investigations under the immigration laws. See Figure 2.
Immigration Prosecutions in U.S. Magistrate Courts
Top Ranked Lead Charges
In December 2007, 64 percent of immigration cases for these matters took place in U.S. Magistrate Courts which handle less serious misdemeanor cases, including what are called "petty offenses." In the magistrate courts in December the most frequently cited lead charge was Title 8 U.S.C Section 1325 involving the "Entry of alien at improper time or place; etc.". This was the lead charge for 70.3 percent of all magistrate filings in December.
Other frequently prosecuted lead charges include: "8 USC 1326 - Reentry of deported alien" (21.9%).
Immigration Prosecutions in U.S. District Courts
Top Ranked Lead Charges
Table 2 shows the top lead charges recorded in the prosecutions of immigration matters filed in U.S. District Court during December 2007.
Lead Charge Count Rank 1yr ago 5yrs ago 8 USC 1326 - Reentry of deported alien 1,138 1 1 1 More 8 USC 1324 - Bringing in and harboring certain aliens 215 2 2 2 More 18 USC 1546 - Fraud and misuse of visas, permits, and other documents 94 3 3 4 More 8 USC 1325 - Entry of alien at improper time or place; etc. 79 4 4 3 More 18 USC 911 - False personification - Citizen of the US 16 5 5 6 More 18 USC 1028 - Fraud and related activity - id documents 12 6 6 9 More 18 USC 1542 - False statement in application and use of passport 11 7 8 7 More 18 USC 371 - Conspiracy to commit offense or to defraud US 9 8 10 10 More 18 USC 1001 - Fraud/false statements or entries generally 9 8 7 5 More 18 USC 1543 - Forgery or false use of passport 8 10 9 8 More
Table 2: Top charges filed
"Reentry of deported alien" (Title 8 U.S.C Section 1326) was the most frequent recorded lead charge. "Reentry of deported alien" (Title 8 U.S.C Section 1326) was ranked 1 a year ago, while it was the 1 most frequently invoked 5 years ago..
Ranked 2nd in frequency was the lead charge "Bringing in and harboring certain aliens" under Title 8 U.S.C Section 1324. "Bringing in and harboring certain aliens" under Title 8 U.S.C Section 1324 was ranked 2 a year ago, while it was the 2 most frequently invoked 5 years ago..
Ranked 3rd was "Fraud and misuse of visas, permits, and other documents" under Title 18 U.S.C Section 1546. "Fraud and misuse of visas, permits, and other documents" under Title 18 U.S.C Section 1546 was ranked 3 a year ago, while it was the 4 most frequently invoked 5 years ago..
Among these top ten lead charges, the one showing the greatest increase in prosecutions—up 73.1 percent—compared to one year ago was Title 8 U.S.C Section 1325 that involves " Entry of alien at improper time or place; etc. ". Compared to five years ago, the largest increase—180.5 percent—was registered for prosecutions under " Fraud and related activity - id documents " (Title 18 U.S.C Section 1028 ).
Again among the top ten lead charges, the one showing the sharpest decline in prosecutions compared to one year ago—down 35.8 percent—was Fraud/false statements or entries generally (Title 18 U.S.C Section 1001 ). This was the same statute that had the largest decrease— 78.3 %—when compared with five years ago.
Top Ranked Judicial Districts
Understandably, there is great variation in the number of immigration prosecutions that are filed in each of the nation's ninety-four federal judicial districts.
The districts registering the largest number of prosecutions of this type last month are shown in Table 3.
Judicial District Count Rank 1yr ago 5yrs ago Texas, S 347 1 1 1 More Texas, W 261 2 2 4 More Cal, S 156 3 5 2 More Arizona 151 4 3 3 More N Mexico 102 5 4 5 More Cal, C 73 6 10 10 More Fla, S 57 7 7 7 More Puer Rico 44 8 19 22 More Fla, M 39 9 6 19 More Virg, E 24 10 15 34 More
Table 3: Top 10 districts
The Southern District of Texas (Houston)—with 347 prosecutions—was the most active during December 2007. The Southern District of Texas (Houston) was ranked 1 a year ago, while it was ranked 1 five years ago.
The Western District of Texas (San Antonio) ranked 2nd. The Western District of Texas (San Antonio) was ranked 2 a year ago, while it was ranked 4 five years ago.
Southern District of California (San Diego) is now ranking 3rd. The Southern District of California (San Diego) was ranked 5 a year ago, while it was ranked 2 five years ago.
Recent entrants to the top 10 list were Eastern District of Virginia (Alexandria), now ranked 10th , and Puerto Rico at 8th In the same order, these districts ranked 15th and 19th one year ago and 34th and 22nd five years ago.
The federal judicial district which showed the greatest growth in immigration prosecutions compared to one year ago— 252.9 percent—was Central District of California (Los Angeles). Compared to five years ago, the district with the largest growth— 277.8 percent—was Eastern District of Virginia (Alexandria).
In the last year, the judicial District Court recording the largest drop in immigration prosecutions— 14.2 percent—was Middle District of Florida (Tampa). But over the past five years, Arizona showed the largest drop— 9.4 percent.
Top Ranked District Judges
At any one time, there are about 680 federal District Court judges working in the United States. The judges recorded with the largest number of new immigration crime cases of this type during December 2007 are shown in Table 4.
Judge Count Rank 1yr ago 5yrs ago Hinojosa, Ricardo H. Texas, S 60 1 11 15 More Kazen, George P. Texas, S 55 2 3 7 More Alvarez, Micaela Texas, S 55 2 2 - More Crane, Randy Texas, S 50 4 7 11 More Martinez, Philip Ray Texas, W 45 5 10 5 More Hanen, Andrew S. Texas, S 43 6 5 8 More Cardone, Kathleen Texas, W 43 6 9 429 More Brack, Robert C. N Mexico 42 8 1 279 More Montalvo, Frank Texas, W 42 8 8 429 More Briones, David Texas, W 39 10 6 6 More
Table 4: Top 10 judges
All 10 of the "top ten" judges were in districts which were in the top ten with the largest number of immigration filings .
Judge Ricardo H. Hinojosa in the Southern District of Texas (Houston) ranked 1st with 60 defendants in immigration cases.
Judges George P. Kazen in the Southern District of Texas (Houston) and Micaela Alvarez in the Southern District of Texas (Houston) ranked 2nd with 55 defendants in immigration cases. Judge Kazen appeared in the top ten rankings one year (ranked 3) and five years ago (rank 7).Judge Alvarezalso appeared in the top ten rankings one year ago(ranked 2).
