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A largely separate body of work has examined the causes and consequences of corruption at the state level, separate from campaign finance. Most use the Department of Justice’s Annual Public Integrity Report, which correlate highly with state level perceptions of corruption (Walker and Calcagno 2011, Glaeser and Saks 2006, Liu & Mikesell 2014). Using that data, researchers have found evidence that political corruption leads
to inflated state budgets and that the presence of casinos and subsequent corruption (Liu & Mikesell 2014, Walker & Calcagno 2013). They have also shown the absence of a link between state ethics commissions and reduced corruption (Crider and Milyo 2013). In response to criticisms of corruption convictions as a proper measure of corruption, researchers have also developed alternative measures of state level corruption. Boylan and Long make use of surveys of state
reporters (2003). Cordis and Milyo deploy the recently available Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse (TRAC) database of political corruption (2016). Dincer and Jonhston introduce a Corruption Reflections Index, which tracks mentions of corruption in Associated Press reports (2016).
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